Magical Urbanism

1.‘Magical Urbanism’ is the term that Mike Davis uses to describe the situation of the Latinos in urban America.   They have moved into the United States and immediately formed subgroups of their own within established cities, and yet unlike other minority ethnic groups their numbers are growing in size and they are developing the ability to seriously affect politics of not only their current country of residence but Mexico by way of California and New York.   Magical urbanism is the power of these minority groups to grow and become capable of such social influence while being comprised of poverty stricken citizens who as individuals have little influence over local or state affairs. 2.Immigrants tend to be poor because of the social factors that are inflicted on them at the time of arrival in their new country of residence.   Like in the case of Latinos in America, immigrants can find themselves without an established social support structure based on family and friends.   Networks like these are important to everyone, regardless of citizenship status.   You need a network of employer references, rental accommodation references, credit references, and failing all of those, close relatives and friends who can support you until you have achieved all of these things anew in a different nation. 3.Lack of Opportunity:   We are raised to believe that opportunity is everywhere around us; that all we need to do is reach out and grab it with both hands.   When it comes to immigrants, however, it isn’t so simple.   These people can come to the United States with very few resources from which to both identify and make use of the opportunities for success that are clear to those of us who have grown up here and understand the social system.   This factor can be identified as part of the ‘culture of poverty’, as it is inherent in virtually all immigrant groups everywhere. Hard Work:   Hard work; it’s what you expect to do to climb the ladder of social success in any city.   Money and quality of life does not come of idleness, and for people of minority status this is no secret.   The national spirit suggests that all you need to do is work hard, and you will be able to achieve your dreams – this is not exactly the case with the poor people of color in America, who may have several family members working long, hard hours and only bringing in minimum wages.   This is another factor in the culture of poverty. Institutional discrimination:   Established social systems can tend to work against immigrant groups.   In America there is a lot of employer legislation that requires university educated workers, American educated workers or a native grasp of English before anyone can be hired on.   Jobs that do not require these things will be the minimum wage occupations with very little room for growth or improvement.   Unless immigrants have the primary resources necessary to start a business or become educated after relocating, they will find themselves caught in the poverty trap.   This is purely a structural explanation of immigrant poverty, as Mike Davis explains it. Reference Davis, M (2001). Magical Urbanism: Latinos reinvent the US city. United States: Verso Press.   

Using an example of an organisation, identify how the change in legislation was implemented and evaluate the impact of this on the service delivery

Our role as social workers is one of an empowering nature; we are or should be committed to equality and re-establishing equal power bases. Promotion of independence is fundamental to our role, for this reason I have decided to look at the implementation of the Direct Payments scheme, for disabled people; brought in under the Community Care (direct Payments) Act 1996. This was brought in as legislation, because of disabled peoples pressure groups, and in order to give disabled people further ‘independence and choice' (Abbot, D (2003)) further to this the Disabled Children Act 2000 extended the access to Direct Payments to 16 – 17 year old disabled people. Within this paper I will analyse the role of social services departments for disabled people before and after the implementation. In analysis I will identify issues that have arisen from this change in relation to the organisation of social services, the social workers and service users, analysing issues of interpretation, and cultural change. The legislation empowered local authorities to set up ‘Direct Payment' Schemes for disabled people that are entitled to community care services, under the community care act but discretion was given to local authorities on how to implement it. (Community Care, (1999) sept, 8th). Because of this discretion the take up and the manner of take up to the scheme differed which resulted in very little movement for a number of years. Husler (no date given) states ‘this legislation is permissive, which means councils can not ignore it, but they have discretions on how to implement it' (Ibid). This lack of guidance to implementation led to discrepancies in the implementation of the Direct Payments scheme Prior to the implementation of the direct payments scheme, the role of social services was to assess the needs and risks of the disabled person, and through this process of assessment seek to minimise or control risk and elevate need. This was done through the provision of services directly controlled or distributed from central government of local social services departments. We see in this situation the relationship of power was one of retention by the social worker within a culture of ‘Role' and ‘task' rather than person. Although many would argue with this point and state the cultural work base of this time was one of a ‘person' culture as defined by Burnes (2000)p.164), where the service users needs and wishes are prominent with the minimisation of the structural highrachy base. Handy (1986) would disagree with this notion and further argues that western organisations work predominantly from a role or task orientated cultural work base. This is evident in many of the recently published documents on working practices and guidelines on legislation interpretation, such as the ‘Working Together Document 2000 and the Assessment Framework 2000. Further, if look back to the development of the social services and the then Charity Organisation Society (COS) founded in 1869 we see evidence of similar practice in relation to current assessment of needs. This was also done by a COS worker who made judgements based on his of her knowledge, this is clearly an earlier form of means testing (Glasby & Littlechild (2002)). From this assessment a payment was given to the person or which then was referred to as ‘relief.' This was technically abolished in 1834; it continued to be paid in practice well into the twentieth centaury, as a range of complex measures for the support of the poor as unemployment soared (Thane. P (1996). The Poor Law was finally abolished in 1948 putting an end to payments to the poor by social services departments, and replaced by a national scheme for the payment of social security benefits and the provision of welfare services to the elderly and the Disabled. This allowed the practitioner to distance themselves from cash payments and the stigma of poverty, further this led to as Becker (1993) states ‘practitioners having little poverty awareness (p93) and further viewing money problems as being the problem of other agencies (Davies & Wainwright (1997) quoted in Glasby & Littlechild p 61) This desire for the social work profession to distance it self from the nineteenth centaury roots has, resulted in the resistance to the implementation of the Direct Payment Schemes. Although the Direct Payment Scheme is very different from the early payments made by the COS and earlier forms of social services departments. This resistance has been from the shop floor social workers to MPs such as Virgina Bottomly, who wrote to the MP introducing the Private members bill prior to its introduction to legalise direct payments â€Å"Social services legislation is concerned with†¦.services and not with direct payments which is the province of the social security system† (Quoted In Hatchett W, (1991): pp 14 – 15). Governmental ideology for the implementation of the Direct Payments scheme was to reflect the principles of participation, inclusion and equality through offering choice and independence. Because of the lack of clear guidance on interpretation this agenda has been misinterpreted and further resulted in the slow take up of the scheme. Roles and procedures have changed in departments which require operational changes, and a further shift in the approach to the concept of risk and control (Dawson (2000) quoted in Carmichael & Brown (2002) p.804) The involvement in service users lives by social workers has shifted away form one of assessment and the in house provision of services, to one of assessment and the provision of monies to purpose individual care form the quasi market place. This can be tailored to meet the individual needs and life of a person, rather than the one ‘size fits all' attitude of previous service provision (Glasby & Littlechild (2002)) this is in comparison to earlier payments being made by the Independent Living Fund indirectly through third parties (Brindle, D. (2000)) further key points to the misinterpretation and slow take up of the scheme is due to the ambiguous wording of the legislations guidance the ‘willing and able criteria' (Clark & Spafford (2002)) this point argues the service users must be able to ‘choose' direct payments, problems such as ability the to choose have arisen from this guidance as well as to whom the allocation of payment should be made. Who should have control over the money? Is a question the local authorities have struggled with when assessing people with severe disabilities and people with mental incapacitates. Authorities have taken this grey area of the legislation and effectively excluded people with mental incapacities because of the legal implications which resulted in the rejecting of an application. Further to this councils have adopted a top down model in which local disability organisations are not closely enough involved within. This bureaucratic model is arguably necessary because of the complexity of the system, the workforce need clearly structured role, responsibilities and lines of command for effectiveness (Coulshed & Mullender (2001)) this is for the purposes of accountability and stability in the system (Ibid).although this can restrict professional autonomy and offer further resistance to change (Aldridge (1996) quoted in Coulshed & Mullender, p 31) With the implementation of this scheme, there was a shift away from the old system of social worker control to that of user control, which social workers saw as a danger and who have voiced concerns of â€Å"vulnerable people managing their own services and whether it is right to risk such payments' (Snell, J. (2000)). This is clear indication as Cyert & March (1963) state ‘confusion over how political constraints on policy make a rationalist approach to decision making impossible (quoted in Burnes. B (2000)) This has led to social workers becoming uncertain as to what is needed from them, because of the role and responsibility change, as well as the cultural change in the departments, which has further left social workers feeling disempowered. Power and control is reduced from the social worker, and rebalanced with the service user, social workers have seen this as a perceived loss of their identity and status. (Clark & Spafford (2002) p 252) Confusion and lack of participation in the planning stages of the delivery of services has left social workers resenting the direct payments scheme, this has further led to slow take up and slow information distribution to service users. Etienne d'Abouuville (1999) states the schemes are floundering because local authorities are using social workers to advice on direct payments, rather than Disabled peoples organisations which can provide peer support. This is further evidence in the change of role change in the role of the care manager Glasby & Littlecihild (2002) argue workload implications and the low ratio of staff is a strong and potential barrier to the independence of disabled people. Mullins (1993) comments on this and states ‘commitment and cooperation to organisational goals will depend on how these are perceived to be in their own interests'. If we look at this in the context of the social worker who has been giving advice to the service user on, employers' responsibility, obligations and legal ramifications without training and on top of their ‘normal' workload we see why social workers are feeling stressed. Further too this reluctant to work in with the scheme (Hosler (1999)). Social worker having little involvement in the change has led to this resistance; this is perpetuated with the burdening of further responsibility on the worker. Mullender and Coulshed argue ‘where structures are going through change this is adapted to more quickly where there are open lines of communication and decentralised structures. If we analyse the impact of the organisational change to the service user we see a clear recondition of the social model of disability which as Oliver argues ‘It is not people impairments which limit people's ability to participate in society and to exercise their rights, but the organisation of society it self which causes the disability† (Quoted in Stainton, T. (2002) p 752) This social model articulates not how to find a way of compensating for the natural disadvantage, but how society can accommodate a range of differences (Ibid). Service users have stated they have rights and autonomy furthering the ability to be recognised as full citizens (Stainton, T (2002)). Many disabled people prior to the introduction of the Direct Payments Scheme were given little or no choice in relation to who provided the care, and to what extent. This was reflective of the funding structures and mechanisms of the social services departments (Statinton, T (1998)), here the departments or the family would access and commission the service, which resulted on many occasions being put on a waiting list. In this analysis we see little or no choice or control on the part of the service recipient, and further if criteria for service were not met then no service was offered. This coupled with resource constraints and tightly specified service contracts can together restrict the remits and activities of services (Glendininig, C, (2000)) With the new system the service user retains overall control on who to commission to carry out the work and for what period of time, the service user defines what needs are to be met and to what extent. A shift away from the social worker led assessment. With a recondition of the Disabled person's rights the Direct Payments Scheme also brought with it the responsibility of being an employer and with that obligation to contractual agreements. This could be seen as a potential barrier, but many disabled people have commented, â€Å"All the stress is worth having control of your own care† (Clark and Spafford (2002)) In conclusion we see how the change has resulted in a cultural change within the social services departments and further a shift away from the ethos of the social worker as the expert. This is welcomed by Disability groups who have campaigned for the Direct Payments Scheme, but resented by those whose job's it has affected with added workload and change in role. Change is a natural occurrence and some would argue inevitable to human evaluation, it is about recognising where sociality shortfalls are and actively seeking to rectify them. As with a majority of pieces of legislation they are based on social justice principles, but interpretation results in oppression and discrimination

Heineken Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Heineken Canada - Research Paper Example Heineken has a strategically plotted acquisition policy to create commanding positions in key national markets. It tends to acquire major shares in national or local breweries that have strong national brands so as to have a good coverage of the regional or national market.Secondly, the company has a new top management structure aimed at driving and supporting growth as a global organization. It has also created a new mores stream Executive Board to connect operations, functions, and finance in a more effective way to create strengths for global functions and operating regions.Finally, Heineken believes in the delivery and concept of quality thereby creating benefit and value for Heineken as well as their reputation.Heineken mainly targets all adult consumers. However, its commercials portray its drinkers as successful, sociable, and fun revealing that it mainly targets successful middle-class men. It targets males from the ages of 22-35 particularly those who follow sports, like rug by because they completely support the Irish Rugby Heineken Cup. Nonetheless, nowadays Heineken also addresses the young in the population through differentiated mass market strategy. It also uses new packaging and a new format to attract women.The products of Heineken Canada are used across the globe. Its products are widely used and enjoyed in most cultures and countries around the world due to its strong brand recognition. It has been successfully exported and distributed to every corner of the world.

Pol Pot of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia- Major Influences & Essay

Pol Pot of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia- Major Influences & Motivations - Essay Example It was also in France where he became acquainted with the prospective leaders of Khmer Rouge and the masterminds of one of the most atrocious governments in human history. This essay discusses Pol Pot’s and the Khmer Rouge’s regime in Cambodia, as well as Pol Pot’s major influences and inspirations. While in France Pol Pot began to gain and nourish his leftist, revolutionary ideas. For instance, Saloth Sar took on his pseudonym, Pol Pot, while in Paris. At the same time, he became fascinated with Marxism and joined the French Communist Party’s Cambodian wing.3 Pol Pot made friends with other Cambodians in France who shared his own beliefs, most of whom would be his strongest comrades for decades to come. One of his notorious friends was Ieng Sary. Sary would eventually become the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of Kampuchea.4 A cohesive faction was emerging. Pol Pot socialized with numerous other Khmer scholars, such as the revolutionists Keng Vannsak and Thiounn Mumm. Numerous of these students belong to the elite families of Cambodia. For instance, Thiounn was part of the most influential clan in Phnom Penh. Studying applied science, Mumm in all probability familiarized and invited Pol Pot into the Communist Party.5 Similarly, Keng Vannsak had ro yal acquaintances. He studied Cambodian linguistics in France. Even though interested in leftist ideas, Keng Vannsak did not become a communist; but he was a passionate patriotic.6 Pol Pot and his friends started to create their radical ideologies while in France. Progressively, these radical ideologies were expressed in enormously nationalistic ways. The revolutionary ideology was to be fully independent, with the goal of building a self-governing and autonomous Cambodia. This objective would eventually put these Paris-schooled radicals against Vietnamese-inspired Khmer radicals. In the early 1950s, in

The Jet Engine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Jet Engine - Essay Example Fuel and air is mixed and ignited inside the cavity of the engine. However, jet engines are different for other type of internal combustion engines, as they have no pistons. Jet engines have lesser moving parts as compared to the piston based internal combustion engine. The main parts of the jet engines or gas turbine engine are turbine, compressor, fuel ignition system and a connection rod that connects turbine and compressor. The compressor, ignition system (burner) and the turbines are the core of the jet engine. The word gas generator refers the core of the jet engines as hot gases are produced within the core of the jet engines. The compressor compresses the air inside the engine. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Due to the ignition, the fuel burns rapidly in the presence of air and hot gases rush out of the engine through the turbine. The turbine rotates as the hot gases rush out of the engine due to the aerodynamic energy (Birch 2001, p.74). Turbine and compressor are connected with a same shaft. The rotation of the turbine rotates the compressor that compresses more air into the engine. Jet engine output is evaluated with respect to the thrust it produces. Each jet engine in the aircraft produces thrust that makes the aircraft to move forward (Soares, 2008, p.67). The motion in the aircraft verifies Newton’s third law that states, â€Å"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† (Holzner 2011, p.45). The thrust of the engine is in the backward direction that produces an opposite and equal amount of force in the airplane and airplane moves in the forward direction. Forward momentum allows the locomotive having jet engine to move in forward direction. Forward momentum depends on the net thrust. Net thrust of a jet engine makes the airplane or any other locomotive to move in the forward direction. However, in case when there is no forward momentum, the

An examination of the role of cars and vehicles in Tim Winton's The Essay

An examination of the role of cars and vehicles in Tim Winton's The Turning - Essay Example The best illustration of all of these occurs with the characters Max, Raelene, and Sherry. The caravan park from â€Å"The Turning† is an example of how various vehicles are used to assume socioeconomic status. Different vehicles are assigned as residences to different groups of people. The surfers are relegated to the tents. They don’t even rate high enough on the social food chain to have any type of caravan due to their transient existence. The pop-up campers and Winnebagos, both easily removed, are reserved for the â€Å"old farts† (Winton) as well as the vacationers or travelers through the park. The permanent residents, fishermen from the nearby marina, generally reside in the aluminum caravans, mostly outdated and rundown. The gathering place for these residents, a circled group of old caravans where the single men as well as the disgruntled older fishermen go to drink and get high together, is referred to as the Cesspit, implying with its name the degradation of the acts performed there. All of the characters involved illustrate both their place in this world and in their own minds by the vehicles in which they reside. For instance, Sherry, the beautiful woman who befriends the downtrodden Raelene, and her husband live in their rented caravan for a month, only long enough for the two women to forge a bond before moving on to their brick home with nice furniture and indoor lavatories. Both the rented caravan as well as the house which she quickly moves to are immaculate, placing her and her husband in a social status well above the other residents of the park. The majority of the aluminum caravans are described as dirty, with cheap furniture, including car seats used as couches, the worst of these being the ones included in the Cesspit where the young and single fishermen live. The caravans in the Cesspit reek of the lower station of the residents as well as

Entrepreneurship Climate in the Organization Assignment

Entrepreneurship Climate in the Organization - Assignment Example How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.62). The person who defines and designs various strategies is equally evaluated as for his forwarded strategies. The novel ideas arise from various innovations occurring to contemporary marketing and management necessities. Those identified new approaches are often accepted by almost every firm to a maximum extent as they wish to run with the pace of existing business scenario. But, it is a real-time fact that they are unable to implement those up to a cent percent limit; yet they are approaching of course. Innovation and changes are tried to be adapted and implemented to the organizational structuring and functioning because a delay to capture novel variations in trade sector will make position to be degraded from the current. Traditional approaches keep track of resources and their utilization and related strategic possibilities limited within themselves. This can never help a firm out to a higher status in a current market set up. â€Å"Opportunities are the focus of the entrepreneurially managed firm.† (What I worry? How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.61). Organizations can meet their entire objectives only from chances they achieve in their field of play. So, it becomes to make up for an attitude to accept and work towards modernization and revolutionize organization’s age-old trends and approaches. Entrepreneurial culture can be cultivated to handle threats and challenges just to pace towards excellence of business and profit. The answer can be started with the words of Dave Lakhani who is the entrepreneur in Boise, Idaho saying â€Å"if you’re not a little bit paranoid, your complacent.....complacency is what leads people into missed opportunities and business failure.† (What I worry? How smart entrepreneurs harness the power of paranoia, n.d., p.61).  

Coca-Cola Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coca-Cola Marketing - Case Study Example In United States the drink has been tailored to its targeted market by decribing it zero calorie drink rather than a diet drink. In Australia the drink was promoted by fake front groups. They used graffiti and spamming to promote the product. When they were exposed the cosumer advocates attacked the campaign and formed Coke-Zero Movement. After first five weeks of Coke Zero's entry in Australia the product set a new record by achieving the highest level of household penetration ever for any beverage company in Australia. The Success of Coke-Zero is the power of the zero percent sugar proposition in response to consumer drink requirements. The company demonstrated the impact which new products have when a gap in the market is identified.(Heiman, 1998) Another success of Coke-Zero is because of Coca-Cola's bottling system which is their greatest stregths, this system allows the company to conduct their business globally while maintaining local approach.

The Simpsons coursework Essay Example for Free

The Simpsons coursework Essay The Simpsons is an animated, American sitcom. It makes fun of the average American family and the American way of life. In the opening sequence we see twelve separate places. There is an aerial view from the clouds descending into a long shot of town along the road to the school: then a medium shot zooms into the classroom, then we cut to the nuclear plant where we first see Homer in a medium shot. There is a cut to the supermarket where Marge and Maggie are, then to the music room where Lisa is. We cut to Homer in his car driving, and see Bart on his skateboard in the street, as the angle of the car move around the car then follows Bart. We cut to Maggie imitating Marge as shes driving. All the family, one by one, finally get home then rush to the couch. The main difference between the opening and closing shots is that the family are in different places within the town but in the closing shot they are together, which, in my opinion is quite typical of a family since they each lead different lives but in the end they are one. Throughout the title sequence the music is firstly slow and heavenly then as we descend from the clouds as if we are gathering speed the music becomes lively, upbeat, jazzy and discordant like the family they argue but always come back together. It is also fast moving, just like the scenes-which are sometimes joined and flowing. Springfield is a small town where everyone knows everyone. It has everyday places that you need to live. It is a busy normal town with people walking along the street. We see Bart on his skateboard, Chief Wiggum shouting at Bart, Barney standing by and some children from Bart and Lisas school playing. In the title sequence we learn that Bart is the bad child and a daredevil because he was writing lines on the board and dodging people through the street. Lisa is an independent person because she was playing her saxophone differently from the class. Homer is careless and clumsy because he gets a radioactive crystal stuck in his clothes and throws it out his car window when he was driving. Marge likes to have a routine and Maggie is a quick learner because she was copying her mother when she was driving. The cartoon genre allows The Simpsons to break the rules because anyone who is from the past, present or future, dead or alive, real or imaginary can make an appearance i. e. Elvis, God and George Washington all have made guest appearances. The Simpsons will never get old i. e. Maggie is an eternal baby, Marge will never get grey hairs it will always be blue and Bart will always be 10 years old. As a family The Simpsons love each other and they have their own different personalities that they have to get along with although they may have. When a situation causes the family to look at themselves; they reflect on what has happened and sometimes learn from it and use it in their daily lives. We know they are a family (since everyone looks similar) because they go into the same house and though out the title sequence we follow one of family. Also the sitcom is about and named after the family. The colour uses in the sitcom are bright, vivid, and intense which will attract children of a young age or a short attention span. The speed also adds to the vibrant effect on the colour because we are cutting all the time so the colours are quick and stunning. In each episode the words, which Bart is writing changes and hints to what, that episode is about i. e. in an episode Bart, on the board, wrote the truth is out there and the family on jetpacks flew to the couch. That episode was about Bart and Homer claiming to see an alien that glowed, which turns out to be Mr. Burns, Homers boss, he was very sick and his medicine made him glow. When they all are rushing into the house, the way they get to the couch changes i. e. they have dived, danced, went to the wrong room, gone to the wrong show, ran, and flown on jetpacks. In the Homer Badman episode, the frame with Ashley Grant, feminist student shows the hypnotic effect of violent video games on young boys, since she used the game to bribed him to do what she asked. For the younger audience it is funny because Bart seems to be hypnotized and for the mature audience the humour is that a feminist would frown upon anything violent especially for young children. Also in this episode there are references to other films i. e. Homer was singing about living under the sea-The Little Mermaid, and Homer made a hand grenade, then threw it at the people chasing Marge and him-Die Hard. The title sequence appeals to different age groups because children do things that they think is funny but others think its silly and adults can also appreciate the humour in raising a young family. The Simpsons are very popular worldwide because it is funny and enjoyable for all ages. The first showing of The Simpsons was shown on 17th December 1989 it was a trial run of the series, which was very popular so the first episode was shown on 14th January 1990. Homer Badman was originally shown on 27th November 1994. In the first year on air The Simpsons over took the most popular situation comedy (The Cosby Show) capturing a regular audience of over 24 million each week and has achieved over 2 billion dollars of merchandise sales. Also The Simpsons was the first animated show to appear on prime time television since The Flintstones in the 1960s. In each episode there are over 250,000 frames and no matter how old you are, you can relate to it because it is based on, and named after, Matt Groenings own family. The family depict life in different aspects of real life and this in turn gives you a feeling of understanding and relativity to ones own life experiences, whilst having the added benefit of seeing the humour in the experiences one goes through in real life.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay Example for Free

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay Dr. avul Pakir Jainulabdeen abdul kalam was born on 15th october , 1931 at Dhanushkodi in Rameshwaram district of Tamilnadu. He did his secondary education at schwartz high school in Ramanathapuram ,B. Sc. at St . Josephs college ,Tiruchi and DMIT in Aeronautical Enginerring at the MIT^,Madras (chennai) during 1954 57. After passing out as a graduate aeronautical engineer Kalam joined ( Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) Banglore as a trainee , and later joined as a Techincal assistant in the directorate of Technical Development and Production of the Ministry of defence. In1960s kalam joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Research center at Thumba in Kerala . he played a major role in developing the first indigenous satellite launched vehicle . in 1982,he rejoined DRDO as director and conceived the integrated Guided MIssile Development programme (IGMDP) for five indigenous missiles : Nag Prithvi ,Akash, Trishul ,AGNI. Dr. APJ. Abdul kalam has established an advance technology research center called Research Center Imarat to undertake development in futuristic missile technology areas . t was perhaps the most satisfying achivenent for Kalam during the missile years. Dr. Kalam has also servd as Principal Scientific Advisdor to the government of india during 25th novenber 1999-10 November 2001. Later , hequit the job and took over the job as distinguished professor at Anna University . on july 25,2002 , Dr . A. P. J Abdul Kalam was sw2orn in as the 12th president of india by chif Justice of India Shri B. N.  Kirpal in central hall of parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the country Dr . Kalam took the oath in the name of God as a 21 -gun salute boomed in the background. Dr. Kalam a bachelor is connoisseur of classicalcarnatic music . he plays veena in his leisure. He write poetry in tamil , his mother -tongue . seventeen of him poems were translated into English and published in 1994 as a book entitled My journey. He reads the quran and the Bhagavad Gita with equal devotion . he is also New Millenium , wings of Fire ; An Autobiography and ignited Minds . Dr. kalam is by no means a miracle man . His advice to the youngster of the nation is to dream dream and convert these into thoughts and later into actions. people Also to think big. we are a nation of a billiuon people and we must thik like a nation of a billion people . only then can we become big.

Globalisation Impact On Institution Of Family In India Sociology Essay

Globalisation Impact On Institution Of Family In India Sociology Essay The term globalisation is a buzzword emerged in the 1990s and refers to a trend and process of variety of political, economic and socio-cultural consequences, resulting from technological changes that are currently transforming the world. Many commentators however focus upon economic aspects of globalisation. Sociologists feel that though the economic content of globlisation cannot be neglected but its socio-cultural dimensions also requires emphasis. Sociologists argue that globalisation refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.  [1]  In this paper, I made an attempt to discuss the sociological nuances of the globalisation by using family in India as the basis. Family Meaning and Definition Family is the vital primary group of all forms of human groups. The word family has been derived from Roman term famulus which means servant. According to Mac Iver, family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.  [2]  Parker and Anderson defines family as a Socially organised unit of people related to each other by kinship, marital and legal ties.  [3]  For Arnold and Green, it is an institutionalized social group charged with duty of population replacement. American Bureau of Census defined family as a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoptions and residing together.  [4]  Such persons are considered as members of one family. Family being a primary social group came into existence in order to satisfy the need for protection, sexual urge and economic desires. It is not of a sudden origin but evolved from times and passed through certain stages. Mating relationship, form of marriage, system of nomenclature, common habitation, economic provision to satisfy needs, emotional basis, universality, limited in size, influential group and as an instrument of social regulation are considered as salient features of family. Family in India Most striking feature of Indian family system is the existence of joint family system. In a joint family not only parents and children but their brothers and sisters also live in the common household. Sometimes it may include ascendants and collaterals up to many generations. The joint family in India exhibits certain features like largeness in size, owning of joint property, sharing of common residence, practising of common religion and mutual rights and obligations. Globalisation and Family Today, globalisation is a buzzword which everyone talks of as per his or her need. The term globalisation acquired a contextual meaning and projected as a powerful process of growth that has potential of all round development of human beings. The different aspects of globalisation economic, political, social and cultural have important implications for human life, including the family life. In a globalised world, the economy is supposed to be characterized by open, liberal, free market and free trade with few or no regulatory barriers. Therefore, all the developing countries are in a race to increase their share in world trade. Greater mobility takes place in economic capital and materials, when trade and business of a country increases. However, this factum of mobility is not confined to economic capital but also extend to human capital which leads to change in values and culture. Changes in human values and institutions (including the family) occurs when there is scope for greater mobility of people and more interactions among people of different cultures. The role of mass media and communication technology cannot be ignored in changing the socio cultural values. The world is shrinking to a global village and its people are becoming closer and closer. Thus globalisation has a profound influence on all walks of human life including personal and family life. In this paper, I have attempted to explore the consequences of globalisation on the institution of family in India. This paper will deal with the fast changing modern families in the urban centers of India. In the past few decades, industrialization, urbanization, globalisation and rapid growth of information technology have produced myriad challenges and made a powerful impact on different segments of societies everywhere. Since globalisation has not only economic aspect but also social cultural and political implications, any of its outcome has to be assessed in terms of how it is influencing the relationships and cultural life in a society. Impact of Globalisation of Indian Family system Traditionally, in India, the basic unit of society was not individual but the joint family. Ever since independence, Indian Society has undergone and continues to undergo great change in every walk of life. By enacting number of laws an attempt is made to change social, working and living conditions of people. The impact of globalisation on Indian family can be viewed in two different ways. Some argues that in the era of economic restructuring the institution of family is emerging as a much stronger institution than ever before; others argue that family is becoming progressively weak due to globalisation and individualism is growing up. Peadar Kirby, who refers family as a social asset opines that far from being able to protect vulnerable people against risk, families themselves are experiencing considerable stress and requires assistance.  [5]   Increasing mobility of younger generation in search of new employment and educational opportunities allegedly weakened the family relations. The family bondings and ties started loosening due to physical distance as it rendered impracticable for members of family to come together as often as earlier. This affected the earlier idealized nation of family as the caring and nurturing unit for children, the sick and elderly. Another striking impact is a gradual change took place in the family structure from joint / extended families to nuclear family pattern. The small or nuclear families almost all have replaced the joint family. One can hardly found any joint family in the urban India. The traditional authority structure i.e. head of the family i.e. father / grandfather/karta started loosing his authority to the bread winner of the family. Even within the nuclear family one can witness the changing marital roles and distributions of power. Total subordination of women to men and strict disciplinarian / hitlarian role of father towards children are also changing. Younger generation, particularly those with higher education and jobs, are no longer believe in total surrender of their individual interests to family interest. The individualism is increasing even within the family structure. The increasing costs of education, health services and new job opportunities opened up for the women outside the house once again brought the role of family into question. Change is a social phenomenon and no society can remain static. Society changes according to time, wishes and needs of its subjects. Speed and extent of change differs from Society to society. Currently, India is one of the rapidly changing societies and appears to be in forefront to follow and adopt western styles of family life. The role of family which earlier used to occupy ziant size in a mans life now started shrinking. In view of increasing materialism, consumerism, younger generations are leading entirely a different way of life. In the process of finding their partners / mates, younger generations are depending mostly on internet marriage sites like Shadi.com, Bharat Matrimony. Family involvement in finding a groom / bride is reduced to nominal. Apart from regular festivals, new occasion like Valentines day, Mothers day, Fathers day are emerging. Weekend parties, kitty parties, visiting pubs and discos almost became a very natural thing. More and more job opportunities creat ed through BPOs, KPOs and Call Centers have facilitated this freedom of enjoyment. The ever increasing higher education and job opportunities opened up due to globalisation have largely influenced the Indian families particularly in urban metros. Going to America / London / Australia either for higher studies or for employment became a norm. It is also not uncommon for a boy or girl who went to abroad (either for higher studies or for job) to marry a foreigner and settle down there. Even most of married men and women are going to foreign countries by leaving their spouses, parents and kids in India. This has contributed to a fundamental change in the nation of ideal traditional joint family concept. Not only a structural but also functional transformation of family system took place. Marriages are no more made in heaven but on internet. Married men and women are staying separately at far off places on account of their jobs which are providing lucrative pay packets and financial security. Apart from this, single living, single parents (person who had children beyond wed lock) and living together without any formal marriage are also found in the society. Not only the conjugal relationships but also the parent children relationships has also undergone a tremendous change. In most of the working couple families, parents are not able to devote time to meet and interact with their children. Working in night-shifts became a norm in BPO, KPO and call centre jobs. By the time parents reach their homes, children are either fast asleep or already left for their schools. Behavioural problems are cropping-up among the children due to lack of interaction and proper guidance by parents. It is often said that as we send out children to crà ¨ches they in turn send us to old age homes. The pattern of change that took place in family dining is also worth observing. Neither children nor parents are interested in having traditional break-fast items like Idli/Dosa/Chapatti/Roti/Parantha on account of paucity of time. Most of the children are interested in having junk foods like pizzas, burgers, chips, wafers and snacks. The change in eating habits are making the younger generation proned to obesity and other health problems. At one point of time, eating outside was considered as a taboo which now became a regular practice. Most of the urban families hang out at restaurants and fast food centers like pizza Hut, Mc Donalds, KFC, atleast once a weak. Having dinner while watching Television or chatting on computer became a very common thing in most of the households. The institution of family is undergoing dramatic change in India. in Southern States like Keral, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, it is a common feature that families send their son or daughter to foreign countries for advanced studies as a mode of investment. Once the boy / girl completes their studies and gets job, they start sending money to their homes in India which is often used in education or carrer development of siblings or relatives with these remittances of money, family in India also enjoys a spacious house, luxury cars and heavy bank balances. Conclusion Benefeld once pointed out that most depressing aspect of globalisation theory is that human beings are on the whole ignored.  [6]  Globalisation transformed man as materialistic and self-centered. Economic risks generate various forms of social risks such as unemployment and poverty and financial crisis. Despite of increase in material wealth and living standards, life is becoming a daily struggle due to high competition. Family who earlier used to take care of its vulnerable members is no more in a position to serve. Advantage of family and its values as prevailing in India can not be ignored. At the same time, acceptance or rejection of traditional values of hierarchy depends on the experiences shared by each family.

Nazi Prosecution :: essays research papers fc

What has been achieved by prosecuting Nazis alleged to have committed crimes against the Jews? "While fighting for victory the German soldier will observe the rules for chivalrous warfare. Cruelties and senseless destruction are below his standard" , or so the commandment printed in every German Soldiers paybook would have us believe. Yet during the Second World War thousands of Jews were victims of war crimes committed by Nazi's, whose actions subverted the code of conduct they claimed to uphold and contravened legislation outlined in the Geneva Convention. It is this legislature that has paved the way for the Jewish community and political leaders to attempt to redress the Nazi's violation, by prosecuting individuals allegedly responsible. Convicting Nazi criminals is an implicit declaration by post-World War II society that the Nazi regime's extermination of over five million Jews won't go unnoticed. Many of the alleged Nazi war criminals that were captured had attempted to evade prosecution shortly before the end of the war. Some opted for suicide, rather than risk capture while others used the Austrian and German Underground offers of fake passports and other means of forged identification to assume a new identity . A choice opted for by many, that virtually guaranteed them a new life with remote chance of detection was to travel to the Anglo-American countries after immigration quotas were raised. Over 4000 Nazi criminals sought refuge in Australia . Many lied about their history to gain entry into their new home and proceeded to blend in, unnoticed by our government. They were no longer Nazi criminals but new citizens with a hidden past. Lists of suspected criminals were compiled and alleged perpetrators systematically captured and put to trial. In 1943, under Soviet leadership the first war crime trials were conducted, however the first trial to involve the Allied powers was the Nuremburg International Military Tribunal in 1945 . The International Military Tribunal (IMT), set out to prosecute 22 defendants comprising largely of the administration arm of the Third Reich . The American's initially wished to indict whole Nazi organisations for their crimes. This focus was soon altered to determine the accountability of particular individuals. The accused were tried under at least two of the following four headings devised for indictment. The first count was the "formulation of a common plan or conspiracy"; two, "crimes against peace (planning and waging a war of aggression

Steps Towards An Ecosociety: Dealing With Air Pollution Essay -- essay

Steps Towards an Ecosociety: Dealing with Air Pollution This essay identifies and explains the problem of pollution facing humanity today. It will also propose one of the first ideas which could more effectively limit air pollution, Emission Credit Trading. This can be seen as one of the first steps in the development of an ecosociety. The notion of a viable ecosociety has created considerable problems in terms of deciding the most effective and efficient policies to be implemented. Air pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems here at home, and throughout the rest of the world. Air pollution is also perhaps one of the more politically sensitive problems because of the numerous economic, environmental and health implications involved. A key step in the policy-making process is to define the problem to be remedied. If we can not understand the problem, how are we to know what needs to be fixed. Unfortunately, implementing policies on air pollution has the politically undesirable effect of having extensive economic consequences on all sectors of the economy. Therefore, those policies which lead to the development of an ecosociety must be aimed at having the greatest environmental impact while creating minimal economic distortions. For the purpose of this essay, pollution shall be identified as follows "...the deliberate or accidental introduction to the environment of contaminants, in the form of either wastes or products " (Bryner, 10). This essay will deal with the problem of air pollution. Air pollutants come from heavy industry, fumes from automobiles, jet planes and the like. When speaking of the automobile alone "...each gallon of gas burned releases 22 pounds of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere...the car is the single largest contributor to global warming " (Rifkin 179). Although the majority of the problem areas are in the developing world, these areas can affect the entire world. The atmosphere is not confined to borders like the land. Pollution spreads beyond the borders of any country, and as such, no one region can solve the problem alone. In some developing nations, there are areas that people and animals cannot live in for extended periods of time. One visitor to the Romanian 'black town' of Cops Mica noted that "the trees... ...eved, and the initial steps toward the ecosociety taken. Obviously this is not the ideal, having to put a price on the air we breath so as to ensure it's quality, but unfortunately it is the most viable option considering the social system in which we all live. Works Cited 1. Arnopoulos, P. Political Dimensions of an Information Society: A General Overview. Montreal: Gamma, 1982. 2. Bryner, G. ed. Global Warming and the Challenge of International Cooperation: An Interdisciplinary Assessment. Provo UT: Bringham Young University Press, 1992. 3. Gore, A. Biotechnology: Implications for Public Policy. Washington DC. : Brookings Institution, 1985. 4. Keller, E. Environmental Geology. Columbus: CE Merrill Publishing Co., 1985. 5. Mitchell, B. Canadian Resource Policies: Problems and Prospects. Toronto: Methuen, 1981. 6. Rifkin, E. Proteases and Biological Control. New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1975. 7. Saunders, DA Reintegrating Fragmented Landscapes: Towards Sustainable Production and Nature Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993. 8. Vig, N and Kraft, M. Environmental Policy in the 1990's. Washington DC: C.Q. Press, 1990.